Armenian grammar
Armenian grammar explained in plain words. No grammatical gender, and almost every noun takes the same endings. What is harder: seven cases, and a present tense built from a participle plus the verb “to be”: գրում (grum) եմ (em) — “I write”.
Notes
- The verb 'to be': em, es, e📐The verb 'to be': em, es, eArmenian states the linker wherever English hides it in a contraction. 'I'm fine' — Ես (yes) լավ (lav) եմ (em), word for word 'I fine…
- The ending -ը / -ն: Armenian's own 'the'📐The ending -ը / -ն: Armenian's own 'the'Plain 'coffee' is սուրճ (surch). The coffee you have already been talking about is սուրճը (surchə): being definite rides on an ending…
- Present tense: -ում + the linker📐Present tense: -ում + the linkerTo say 'I read', take the verb stem, add -ում and put the linker beside it: կարդում (kardum) եմ (em).
- Negation: the prefix չ-📐Negation: the prefix չ-Negation is the prefix չ- stuck to the linker, and the linker then jumps in front of the verb. Հասկանում (haskanum) եմ (em), I…
- 📐A question without 'do': the mark ՞A question is not marked at the end of the phrase. The sign ՞ sits right above the stressed vowel of the word you are…
- Plurals: -եր / -ներ📐Plurals: -եր / -ներA one-syllable word takes -եր, a longer one takes -ներ: միրգ becomes մրգեր (mrger), fruit; ուսանող (usanogh) becomes ուսանողներ, students.
- Pricer and cheaper: one word, ավելի (aveli)📐Pricer and cheaper: one word, ավելի (aveli)English reshapes the adjective: cheap, cheaper, cheapest. Armenian leaves it alone and puts ավելի (aveli) in front: թանկ (t'ank) →…
- Where? The -ում ending and one verb trap📐Where? The -ում ending and one verb trap'In the room', 'in the kitchen', 'in the city' — Armenian needs no preposition here. The word simply takes -ում: սենյակ (senyak)…
- Գլուխս ցավում է (glukhs tsavum e): your body without the word 'my'📐Գլուխս ցավում է (glukhs tsavum e): your body without the word 'my'To complain to a doctor you need a habit English lacks: the owner is glued onto the word. գլուխ (glukh) is a head in general…
- It was cold yesterday: the past with one swap📐It was cold yesterday: the past with one swapTo move a story into the past, leave the verb alone. The -ում form stays as it was; only the linker changes: եմ (em) → էի (ei)…
- 📐A request, not an order: -եք, -իր, and the sneaky մի (mi)'Fill in', 'wait', 'explain' — all built the same way. Cut -ել/-ալ off the verb and add -եք for polite 'you' or -իր for…
- Վաղը (vaghə) կգնամ (kgnam): the future in one letter📐Վաղը (vaghə) կգնամ (kgnam): the future in one letter'Tomorrow I'll go', 'I'll call you', 'we'll order' — all of it takes one letter. Glue կ- to the front of the verb and…
- Ինձ տուր (indz tur): to whom and whom📐Ինձ տուր (indz tur): to whom and whomFor 'give me', 'I'll call you', 'he is waiting for us' the pronoun changes shape completely. All six shift: ես (yes) → ինձ (indz)…
- Ճամպրուկը (champrukə) or ճամպրուկ (champruk): where -ը is needed📐Ճամպրուկը (champrukə) or ճամպրուկ (champruk): where -ը is neededThe tail that means 'that very one' goes on the back: -ը after a consonant, -ն after a vowel. ճամպրուկ (champruk) → ճամպրուկը (champrukə), but…
- One ending or two: -եր and -ներ📐One ending or two: -եր and -ներArmenian picks the plural by the length of the word. One syllable takes -եր, longer words take -ներ: ծառ (tsarr) → ծառեր (tsarrer), տոմս (toms)…
- Պետք է (petk' e), կարող (karogh) եմ (em): have to, can, worth it📐Պետք է (petk' e), կարող (karogh) եմ (em): have to, can, worth it'I have to go', 'may I look?', 'it is worth trying' — three everyday frames. Each is followed by the same verb form…
- Այս (ays), այդ (ayd), այն (ayn): three 'this' instead of two📐Այս (ays), այդ (ayd), այն (ayn): three 'this' instead of twoEnglish sorts things into 'this' near me and 'that' not near me. Armenian sorts them into three, and not by distance…
- Իմ (im) հեռախոսը (herrakhosə) and հեռախոսս (herrakhoss): two ways to say 'my'📐Իմ (im) հեռախոսը (herrakhosə) and հեռախոսս (herrakhoss): two ways to say 'my''My phone' can be said two ways, and both are right. The first feels familiar: a separate word in front — իմ (im), քո (k'o), նրա (nra)…
- Շատ (shat), բավական (bavakan), չափազանց (chap'azants): exactly how much📐Շատ (shat), բավական (bavakan), չափազանց (chap'azants): exactly how muchBetween 'good' and 'too good' lies a short scale. On the left քիչ (k'ich), little: քիչ (k'ich) եմ (em) քնում (k'num), I sleep little. Next բավական (bavakan)…
- Ցուրտ է (tsurt e): the sentence with nobody in it📐Ցուրտ է (tsurt e): the sentence with nobody in it'It's cold', 'it's late', 'it's hot' — English props these up with a dummy 'it'. Armenian has nothing to prop: the…
- Որ (vor), որովհետև (vorovhetev), եթե (yet'e), երբ (erb): two thoughts in one sentence📐Որ (vor), որովհետև (vorovhetev), եթե (yet'e), երբ (erb): two thoughts in one sentence'Tell him that I'm running late', 'he didn't come because he was sick' — such sentences need conjunctions. The…
- Ամենալավը (amenalavə) and լավագույնը: two 'bests'📐Ամենալավը (amenalavə) and լավագույնը: two 'bests'To say 'the most', glue ամենա- onto the front with no space: ամենալավ ուսանողը, the best student.
- Շատ (shat) գիրք (girk'), մի քանի (mi k'ani) օր (or), մոտ (mot) հազար (hazar) դրամ (dram): exactly how many📐Շատ (shat) գիրք (girk'), մի քանի (mi k'ani) օր (or), մոտ (mot) հազար (hazar) դրամ (dram): exactly how manyAfter a word that says how much, the noun stays singular. Շատ (shat) գիրք (girk') is many books, not 'գրքեր'. Տասը (tasə) տարի (tari) — ten years.…
- Այնքան վատ (vat), որքան (vork'an) երեկ (yerek): comparing whole situations, not words📐Այնքան վատ (vat), որքան (vork'an) երեկ (yerek): comparing whole situations, not wordsYou can compare whole situations, not just single words: 'today is not as bad as yesterday'. Armenian does it with…
- 📐Կուզենայի: how to say 'I would''I would like', 'I could check', 'it would be good' — all three take the prefix կ-. It goes on the past form of the…
- Այն (ayn) բնակարանը (bnakaranə), որ (vor) վարձեցինք (vardzetsink): how the words around a noun line up📐Այն (ayn) բնակարանը (bnakaranə), որ (vor) վարձեցինք (vardzetsink): how the words around a noun line upEverything that describes a noun stands to its left, and the noun closes the group. The adjective itself never changes…
- Ստիպված (stipvats) էի (ei), կարելի (kareli) էր (er): have to and can in yesterday and tomorrow📐Ստիպված (stipvats) էի (ei), կարելի (kareli) էր (er): have to and can in yesterday and tomorrowTo move 'have to' and 'may' into yesterday or tomorrow, you leave those words alone. The linker beside them moves…
- Ասաց (asats), որ (vor) կգա (kga): other people's words in your mouth📐Ասաց (asats), որ (vor) կգա (kga): other people's words in your mouthTo pass on someone's words, you do not shift the tense: it stays put. Ասաց (asats)՝ «Կգամ» (kgam) becomes Ասաց (asats), որ (vor) կգա (kga). A future stays…
- 📐Դիմումն ընդունվեց (əndunvets): one letter -վ- and nobody actingThe language of offices rests on one insert: -վ- before the verb ending. Ընդունել (əndunel), to accept, becomes ընդունվել (əndunvel), to be…
- Որպեսզի (vorpeszi), չնայած (chnayats) որ (vor), ուստի: complex sentences in full📐Որպեսզի (vorpeszi), չնայած (chnayats) որ (vor), ուստի: complex sentences in fullTo talk about your own opinion you need conjunctions of purpose, concession and consequence. One rule covers them all…
- Գրում (grum) էի (ei) or գրեցի (gretsi): two pasts and the question of finishing📐Գրում (grum) էի (ei) or գրեցի (gretsi): two pasts and the question of finishingEnglish splits the past into 'wrote', 'was writing' and 'have written'. Armenian splits it the same way, and each shape…
- Աշխատասեր (ashkhataser), շատախոս (shatakhos), անտարբեր (antarber): what character is made of📐Աշխատասեր (ashkhataser), շատախոս (shatakhos), անտարբեր (antarber): what character is made ofAlmost every word for a character trait is a simple root plus one tail. See the seam once and you can guess a new word…
- Ինձ (indz) ամոթ (amot') է, ինձ (indz) դուր (dur) է գալիս (galis): to whom the feeling happens📐Ինձ (indz) ամոթ (amot') է, ինձ (indz) դուր (dur) է գալիս (galis): to whom the feeling happensArmenian splits feelings in two, and the split decides who runs the sentence.
- Եփելուց առաջ (arraj), եփելիս: one action wrapped around another📐Եփելուց առաջ (arraj), եփելիս: one action wrapped around anotherA recipe is a chain of 'first…, then…, while…'. Armenian builds it briefly: take the dictionary form of the verb and…
- Կաշվե պայուսակ (payusak) and դանակով կտրել (ktrel): made of what, done with what📐Կաշվե պայուսակ (payusak) and դանակով կտրել (ktrel): made of what, done with whatIn a shop you ask what a thing is made of and what you do it with. English answers with prepositions; Armenian answers…
- Երևի (yerevi), հավանաբար, իհարկե (iharke): how sure the speaker is📐Երևի (yerevi), հավանաբար, իհարկե (iharke): how sure the speaker isHalf of what you mean in an argument rests on how sure you sound. These words never change shape, so you learn them as…
- Լիճ (lich) → լճակ (lchak), արև (arev) → արևոտ (arevot): how nature words are built📐Լիճ (lich) → լճակ (lchak), արև (arev) → արևոտ (arevot): how nature words are builtHalf the words for nature are not new roots but simple words with a tail. Read the tail and you guess the meaning at a…
- Բանկի (banki) դիմաց (dimats), տան (tan) հետևում (hetevum): the word stands after, not before📐Բանկի (banki) դիմաց (dimats), տան (tan) հետևում (hetevum): the word stands after, not beforeEnglish puts its little word in front: 'across from the bank'. Armenian puts it after the noun — բանկի (banki) դիմաց (dimats), word for…
- Կարդալ (kardal) գիտեմ (gitem), կարդալը հեշտ (hesht) է: the infinitive in place of a noun📐Կարդալ (kardal) գիտեմ (gitem), կարդալը հեշտ (hesht) է: the infinitive in place of a nounEnglish needs two shapes — 'I can read' and 'reading'. Armenian gets by with the dictionary form կարդալ (kardal); only what…
- Ժամը (zhamə) հինգին (hingin), մեկ տարի հետո (mek tari heto): how Armenian shows time📐Ժամը (zhamə) հինգին (hingin), մեկ տարի հետո (mek tari heto): how Armenian shows timeEnglish marks time with prepositions — 'at five', 'from nine', 'in a year'. Armenian hangs an ending on the word or…
- Ի՞նչ ասացիք (inch asatsik') and թե (t'e) ինչ (inch) ասացիք (asatsik): the ՞ mark and the question inside a sentence📐Ի՞նչ ասացիք (inch asatsik') and թե (t'e) ինչ (inch) ասացիք (asatsik): the ՞ mark and the question inside a sentenceThe ՞ mark goes not at the end of the sentence but over the stressed vowel of the word you ask about. Ի՞նչ ասացիք (inch asatsik')…
- Շինարար (shinarar), երգիչ (yergich), այգեպան (aygepan): how Armenian makes a person out of a deed📐Շինարար (shinarar), երգիչ (yergich), այգեպան (aygepan): how Armenian makes a person out of a deedHalf the names of trades you need not learn at all — you can build them. Armenian makes a person out of a deed with a…
- Բանկից (bankits), քեզնից (k'eznits), դրանից (dranits): the -ից case and everything it can do📐Բանկից (bankits), քեզնից (k'eznits), դրանից (dranits): the -ից case and everything it can doThe tail -ից answers 'from where', 'from whom' and 'than' all at once: Գործարանից եկա (yeka), I came from the factory.
- Մարդիկ (mardik), կանայք, ժողովուրդ (zhoghovurd): the plural that breaks the rule📐Մարդիկ (mardik), կանայք, ժողովուրդ (zhoghovurd): the plural that breaks the ruleWith words for people the general plural rule breaks down, and these shapes are easier learned by heart.
- Կարդացած գիրք (girk'), երգող աղջիկ (aghjik): a modifier instead of a clause📐Կարդացած գիրք (girk'), երգող աղջիկ (aghjik): a modifier instead of a clauseInstead of 'the book that I read', living Armenian puts one describing word in front of the noun.
- Վազեցնել, հագցնել, հասցնել (hastsnel): make, dress and get someone there📐Վազեցնել, հագցնել, հասցնել (hastsnel): make, dress and get someone thereTo say 'make someone run' or 'put a child to sleep' you need no extra word. Armenian slips -ցն- into the verb itself.
- Քսան (k'san), հարյուր (haryur), երկրորդ (yerkrord), քառորդ (k'arrord): numbers beyond ten📐Քսան (k'san), հարյուր (haryur), երկրորդ (yerkrord), քառորդ (k'arrord): numbers beyond tenFrom eleven to nineteen the number is built from տասն- plus a number from one to nine: տասնմեկ (tasnmek), տասներկու (tasnerku), տասներեք (tasnerek')…
- Բորբոքում (borbok'um), հետազոտություն (hetazotut'yun), ցավ (tsav): a noun made from a verb📐Բորբոքում (borbok'um), հետազոտություն (hetazotut'yun), ցավ (tsav): a noun made from a verbHalf the words about illness are verbs with a tail: բորբոքվել → բորբոքում (borbok'um), ներարկել → ներարկում (nerarkum), զննել → զննում (znnum).
- Թող (t'ogh) լինի (lini), Աստված (astvats) պահի (pahi), ապրես (apres): the wish is a verb form of its own📐Թող (t'ogh) լինի (lini), Աստված (astvats) պահի (pahi), ապրես (apres): the wish is a verb form of its ownA wish is simply the verb form without կ-. On its own it already means 'may it be so'.
- Ես (yes) եմ (em) ասել (asel) and ես (yes) ասել (asel) եմ (em): where եմ (em) stands is what the argument is about📐Ես (yes) եմ (em) ասել (asel) and ես (yes) ասել (asel) եմ (em): where եմ (em) stands is what the argument is aboutThe linker եմ (em), ես (yes), է stands right after the word you want to stress. That is not decoration; it is the point of the…
- Ինչ-որ (inch-vor), որևէ (voreve), ցանկացած (tsankatsats), ոչ ոք (voch ok'): someone, anyone, any and no one📐Ինչ-որ (inch-vor), որևէ (voreve), ցանկացած (tsankatsats), ոչ ոք (voch ok'): someone, anyone, any and no one'Someone', 'anyone', 'any at all', 'nobody' — Armenian has a separate word for each.
- Ժանգոտ (zhangot), փայլուն (p'aylun), օվալաձև (ovaladzev): how Armenian makes a quality📐Ժանգոտ (zhangot), փայլուն (p'aylun), օվալաձև (ovaladzev): how Armenian makes a qualityMost adjectives you need not memorize — you can build them. A quality is made with a tail on a ready-made noun.
- Դռան (drran) միջով (mijov), տան (tan) կողքով (koghk'ov): the Armenian preposition stands after📐Դռան (drran) միջով (mijov), տան (tan) կողքով (koghk'ov): the Armenian preposition stands afterThe helper word stands after the noun, and the noun takes the tail -ի. English 'through the door' comes out as 'door…
- Կրկնակի (krknaki), տասնյակ (tasnyak), մեկուկես (mekukes): fractions and multiples📐Կրկնակի (krknaki), տասնյակ (tasnyak), մեկուկես (mekukes): fractions and multiplesFrom a number Armenian builds 'twice over', 'a group of ten' and 'one and a half'.
- Վերսկսել (verskel), դադարեցնել (dadaretsnel), ձեռնամուխ լինել (dzerrnamukh linel): beginning, end and 'again'📐Վերսկսել (verskel), դադարեցնել (dadaretsnel), ձեռնամուխ լինել (dzerrnamukh linel): beginning, end and 'again'The prefix վեր- means 'again, over': սկսել (sksel) start → վերսկսել (verskel) resume, ստուգել check → վերստուգել (verstugel) recheck, նայել (nayel) look →…
- Մտածողություն (mtatsoghut'yun), չափում (chap'um), դիտարկում (ditarkum): a noun out of a verb📐Մտածողություն (mtatsoghut'yun), չափում (chap'um), դիտարկում (ditarkum): a noun out of a verbArmenian turns verbs into nouns with two tails, and both are predictable.
- Ուրբաթին, աշնանը (ashnanə), օրերս (orers): Armenian speaks of time with case endings📐Ուրբաթին, աշնանը (ashnanə), օրերս (orers): Armenian speaks of time with case endingsEnglish says 'on Friday', 'in autumn', 'within an hour'. Armenian says all of it with a tail on the word itself, not…
- Սառցադաշտ (sarrtsadasht), հանքավայր (hank'avayr), կանաչապատում (kanachapatum): the ա- seam in the middle of a word📐Սառցադաշտ (sarrtsadasht), հանքավայր (hank'avayr), կանաչապատում (kanachapatum): the ա- seam in the middle of a wordA long word is almost always two simple ones sewn together with a single vowel. See the seam and you can read a word…
- 📐Արտադրվում է, ստուգվեց, փաթեթավորված: the shop floor speaks without a doerOn the factory floor what matters is what was done to a thing, not who did it. Armenian drops the doer with one insert…
- Ասաց (asats), որ (vor)… ասաց (asats), թե (t'e)…: how to pass on other people's words📐Ասաց (asats), որ (vor)… ասաց (asats), թե (t'e)…: how to pass on other people's wordsReported speech turns on the choice of conjunction. Որ (vor) introduces a statement: Նա բացատրեց, որ գնացքը հետաձգվել է (na batsatrets, vor gnatsk'ə hetadzgvel e), he…
- Ամաչկոտ (amachkot), ինքնամփոփ (ink'namp'op'), եսասիրություն (yesasirut'yun): the quality noun and its owner📐Ամաչկոտ (amachkot), ինքնամփոփ (ink'namp'op'), եսասիրություն (yesasirut'yun): the quality noun and its ownerA character trait and the person who has it are linked transparently, so half of these words you can build yourself.
- Շնորհակալություն (shnorhakalut'yun) or Մերսի (mersi): two thank-yous and when to use each📐Շնորհակալություն (shnorhakalut'yun) or Մերսի (mersi): two thank-yous and when to use eachThe full 'thank you' is Շնորհակալություն (shnorhakalut'yun), five syllables. The հ in it is a light breath, not a hard kh. This is the…
- Այո (ayo) and Հա (ha): the two Armenian yeses📐Այո (ayo) and Հա (ha): the two Armenian yesesThe neutral 'yes' is Այո (ayo). It works everywhere: answering a stranger, filling in a form, in business talk, in writing.
- Խնդրեմ (khndrem) and Խնդրում եմ (khndrum em): two pleases📐Խնդրեմ (khndrem) and Խնդրում եմ (khndrum em): two pleasesArmenian has two forms of the root խնդր-, 'to ask', and they do different work. In English letters: 'khn-DREM' and…
- Ցտեսություն (tstesut'yun) and Հաջող (hajogh): goodbye and bye📐Ցտեսություն (tstesut'yun) and Հաջող (hajogh): goodbye and byeՑտեսություն (tstesut'yun) is built around տեսնել (tesnel), to see, and means literally 'until the seeing' — the same idea as English 'see…
What works differently from what you know
Armenian has no grammatical gender at all: na means “he”, “she” and “it”. In Armenian you cannot accidentally give away a person's gender — and you cannot point at it without saying it outright.
Dora Sakayan, «Eastern Armenian for the English-speaking World», 2007
What is hard about Armenian and what comes for free
Hard: seven cases, and a present tense built from a participle plus the verb “to be”: գրում (grum) եմ (em) — “I write”.
Easy: no grammatical gender, and almost every noun takes the same endings.
This is not a verdict on the language but a hint on where to spend effort. The hard parts are best taken a little at a time and often; the easy parts — left alone while they work by themselves.
Frequently asked
Is the grammar of Armenian complicated?
Seven cases, and a present tense built from a participle plus the verb “to be”: գրում (grum) եմ (em) — “I write” is the main difficulty. In return, no grammatical gender, and almost every noun takes the same endings.
Should grammar be learned separately?
Not as a separate course. A rule learned before you need it is forgotten before you meet it. It is more useful to work it out at the moment you stumble over it.