-yl, -yn and tyym salynady: the language of signs, where there is no doer
A sign on a door, a line in a law: the action is there, and nobody is named as doing it. Kazakh marks that with a tail on the verb itself. For example: “Өтініш он жұмыс күні ішінде қаралады” — The application is considered within ten working days. A rule from the Kazakh course: worked out on examples, not memorized as a wording.
How it works
A sign on a door, a line in a law: the action is there, and nobody is named as doing it. Kazakh marks that with a tail on the verb itself.
One tail, three looks, and the ear picks between them. After a vowel it is -l: zhasau becomes zhasalu, to be made. After l it is -yn: alu becomes alynu, to be taken. After other consonants it is -yl: zhazu becomes zhazylady, it is written.
Half of all official actions are a noun plus a service verb: ruqsat etu, to permit; tyym salu, to forbid. The tail lands on the service part: ruqsat etiledi, tyym salynady.
The trap: what is forbidden stands in -uğa. Temeki sheguge tyym salynady is smoking is forbidden.
Table
| The stem ends in | The suffix | Example | In English |
|---|---|---|---|
| a vowel | -l | zhasalady | it is made |
| l | -yn / -in | alynady | it is taken |
| another consonant | -yl / -il | zhazylady | it is written |
| noun + etu | on the service verb | ruqsat etiledi | it is permitted |
| noun + salu | on the service verb | tyym salynady | it is forbidden |
| the doer is named | tarapynan | sot tarapynan | by the court |
| the colloquial "not allowed" | -uğa bolmaidy | kiruge bolmaidy | no entry |
By example
- Өтініш он жұмыс күні ішінде қараладыThe application is considered within ten working days
- Мұнда суретке түсіруге тыйым салынадыTaking pictures here is prohibited
- Құжат нотариус тарапынан расталдыThe document was certified by a notary
How the rule settles in your head
A rule is not memorized from an explanation. It is memorized from an attempt to use it and a mistake — that is why the app delivers it mixed in with words, not as a separate lesson: it resurfaces exactly where you forgot it.
Frequently asked
-yl, -yn and tyym salynady: how does it work in Kazakh?
A sign on a door, a line in a law: the action is there, and nobody is named as doing it. Kazakh marks that with a tail on the verb itself.
What does it look like in an example sentence Kazakh?
“Өтініш он жұмыс күні ішінде қаралады” — The application is considered within ten working days. A rule is easier to test on sentences like this than to memorize as a wording: what surfaces in conversation is the sentence.