wadliwy
“wadliwy” — defective, faulty in Polish. Adjective, level B1, topic — shopping and money. From the flaw-word: defective means with a flaw. About broken and dented things they say the damaged-word — a different one. In a live sentence: “Ten telewizor jest wadliwy” — This television is faulty. One of 82 words in the set “shopping and money” in the Polish course.
In short
| Written in Polish | wadliwy |
| Translation | defective, faulty |
| Part of speech | adjective |
| Level | B1 |
Why it looks that way
From the flaw-word: defective means with a flaw. About broken and dented things they say the damaged-word — a different one.
A word with a story stays in memory longer than one learned as a “spelling — translation” pair: memory holds on to meaning, not to a string.
In a live sentence
A single word almost never appears alone in conversation. A sentence shows where it fits and what stands next to it.
- Ten telewizor jest wadliwyThis television is faulty
Nearby words: shopping and money
How much it costs, whether there is a smaller one, whether cards are accepted. A shop forgives mistakes: miss a word and they will show you the thing with their hands anyway.
- ile to kosztuje?how much does it cost?About one thing, ile kosztuje is enough — and the vendor will understand a bare Ile?. Literally "how much does this cost".
- euroeuroPoland pays in zloty, not euros: pięć złotych — "five zloty". Euro here is the neighbors' currency and the stuff of European-union talk, and it never declines.
- sklepshopA false friend with a body: it looks like the word for a burial vault in several languages, and the resemblance is real history — the shop once sat in a cellar, straight from the Latin crypta.
- targmarketThe same root as the trade words of half of eastern Europe: the market was the trading. The most famous one is Kraków's Cloth Hall on the Rynek.
- ladacounterNo kinship with any familiar word — the word came from Italian, and it names the counter in a shop and in a bank alike. And lada dzień is "any day now" — a different creature entirely.
- sprzedawcashop assistantFrom sprzedać, "to sell" — the root says itself. A woman is sprzedawczyni, and at the market counter it is more often her.
- klientcustomerThe same Latin root as the English word, and the same wide job: the customer of a shop, a bank, a hairdresser. The bookish kupiec, "merchant", is not heard at the market.
- wagascalesSingular, where English is plural: ta waga. Weight and scales are one word, and to weigh is ważyć.
- kilogramkilogramAt the market it is said short: kilo. What is weighed follows in its of-form, like English "of": kilogram chleba.
- świeżyfreshThe ż is that zh sound, and the ending is y, not the long ee of other adjectives: "SHVYE-zhih". Feminine świeża, neuter świeże.
Test yourself
Five questions from the same set — “shopping and money”. Recalling a spelling from meaning is harder than knowing a familiar word on sight, and therefore more useful.
- How do you say “defective, faulty” in Polish?
From the flaw-word: defective means with a flaw. About broken and dented things they say the damaged-word — a different one.
- How do you say “customer” in Polish?
The same Latin root as the English word, and the same wide job: the customer of a shop, a bank, a hairdresser. The bookish kupiec, "merchant", is not heard at the market.
- How do you say “shop” in Polish?
A false friend with a body: it looks like the word for a burial vault in several languages, and the resemblance is real history — the shop once sat in a cellar, straight from the Latin crypta.
- How do you say “fresh” in Polish?
The ż is that zh sound, and the ending is y, not the long ee of other adjectives: "SHVYE-zhih". Feminine świeża, neuter świeże.
- How do you say “shop assistant” in Polish?
From sprzedać, "to sell" — the root says itself. A woman is sprzedawczyni, and at the market counter it is more often her.
How not to forget this word
Reading a word and remembering it are different jobs. A day later, little survives of a single reading — and that is not bad memory, that is how memory works.
- This has been tested on foreign words too. The difference shows up most when you test yourself a few days later rather than straight away.checked many timesKim & Webb, 2022, Language Learning 72(2) · 48 experiments, 3,411 participants, 98 comparisons.
- Recalling beats re-reading. Covering the translation and trying to remember it does more than reading it ten more times.checked many timesAdesope, Trevisan & Sundararajan, 2017, Review of Educational Research 87(3) · 188 experiments, 272 comparisons. g = 0.61; against plain re-reading 0.51, against passive review 0.93.
- An answer you worked out yourself sticks better than one handed to you.checked many timesBertsch et al., 2007, Memory & Cognition 35(2) · 86 studies, 445 comparisons, d = 0.40.
Frequently asked
How do you say “defective, faulty” in Polish?
«wadliwy». In a live sentence: “Ten telewizor jest wadliwy” — This television is faulty. Adjective, level B1, from the set “shopping and money”.
Why does this word look the way it does?
From the flaw-word: defective means with a flaw. About broken and dented things they say the damaged-word — a different one. A word with a story stays in memory longer than a “spelling — translation” pair: memory holds on to meaning, not to a string.