czerstwy
“czerstwy” — stale (bread) in Polish. Adjective, level A1, topic — food and drink. Yesterday's bread is czerstwy — dry and hard. About a person the same word works, as in English: a stale, hard-hearted one. In a live sentence: “Ten chleb jest już czerstwy” — This bread is already stale. One of 177 words in the set “food and drink” in the Polish course.
In short
| Written in Polish | czerstwy |
| Translation | stale (bread) |
| Part of speech | adjective |
| Level | A1 |
Why it looks that way
Yesterday's bread is czerstwy — dry and hard. About a person the same word works, as in English: a stale, hard-hearted one.
A word with a story stays in memory longer than one learned as a “spelling — translation” pair: memory holds on to meaning, not to a string.
In a live sentence
A single word almost never appears alone in conversation. A sentence shows where it fits and what stands next to it.
- Ten chleb jest już czerstwyThis bread is already stale
Nearby words: food and drink
A menu, a market, a shop sign, the question “what is this?”. Food is the most frequent subject of the first weeks and the safest excuse to start talking.
- kawacoffeeFeminine, and the gender shows: ta kawa. It is brewed weaker than in Italy, and Poland grows plenty of its own kinds: kawa z mlekiem — "coffee with milk".
- herbatateathe h is sounded: "her-BAH-tah"
- wodawaterMatches sound and spelling at once. Ask for water in a café with plain woda and you will get sparkling; still water is niegazowana, requested separately.
- chlebbreadA word the whole Slavic family shares, recognizable on sight. Masculine: ten chleb.
- mlekomilkNo full-vowelpattern here: the long form that some Slavic languages keep was cut to mleko. Neuter gender.
- piwobeerMatches sound and spelling letter for letter. Beer is measured by size: duże — large, małe — small.
- winowineMatches sound and meaning at once. Poland is not a wine country — beer is the likelier order — but the word earns its keep in shops.
- jedzeniefoodFrom jeść, "to eat". Both the food and the process: jedzenie na wynos — "food to go".
- sercheeseSaid exactly the way it is spelled. Cottage cheese here is biały ser — "white cheese" — and it is a different product under the same word.
- mięsomeatsaid "MYEN-shoh" — the nasal ę gives the softness
Test yourself
Five questions from the same set — “food and drink”. Recalling a spelling from meaning is harder than knowing a familiar word on sight, and therefore more useful.
- How do you say “stale (bread)” in Polish?
Yesterday's bread is czerstwy — dry and hard. About a person the same word works, as in English: a stale, hard-hearted one.
- How do you say “wine” in Polish?
Matches sound and meaning at once. Poland is not a wine country — beer is the likelier order — but the word earns its keep in shops.
- How do you say “water” in Polish?
Matches sound and spelling at once. Ask for water in a café with plain woda and you will get sparkling; still water is niegazowana, requested separately.
- How do you say “meat” in Polish?
Do not confuse it with miasto, "city" — two letters apart. A vegetarian needs the phrase bez mięsa — "without meat".
- How do you say “beer” in Polish?
Matches sound and spelling letter for letter. Beer is measured by size: duże — large, małe — small.
How not to forget this word
Reading a word and remembering it are different jobs. A day later, little survives of a single reading — and that is not bad memory, that is how memory works.
- This has been tested on foreign words too. The difference shows up most when you test yourself a few days later rather than straight away.checked many timesKim & Webb, 2022, Language Learning 72(2) · 48 experiments, 3,411 participants, 98 comparisons.
- Recalling beats re-reading. Covering the translation and trying to remember it does more than reading it ten more times.checked many timesAdesope, Trevisan & Sundararajan, 2017, Review of Educational Research 87(3) · 188 experiments, 272 comparisons. g = 0.61; against plain re-reading 0.51, against passive review 0.93.
- An answer you worked out yourself sticks better than one handed to you.checked many timesBertsch et al., 2007, Memory & Cognition 35(2) · 86 studies, 445 comparisons, d = 0.40.
Frequently asked
How do you say “stale (bread)” in Polish?
«czerstwy». In a live sentence: “Ten chleb jest już czerstwy” — This bread is already stale. Adjective, level A1, from the set “food and drink”.
Why does this word look the way it does?
Yesterday's bread is czerstwy — dry and hard. About a person the same word works, as in English: a stale, hard-hearted one. A word with a story stays in memory longer than a “spelling — translation” pair: memory holds on to meaning, not to a string.