чёрствый
“чёрствый” (chyorstvyy) — stale in Russian. Adjective, level A1. Khleb uzhe chyortstvyy — "the bread has gone stale". The yo is written and spoken. In a live sentence: “Хлеб уже чёрствый” — The bread has gone stale. Written with the characters ч, ё, р, с, т, в, ы, й. A word from the everyday Russian course, level A1.
In short
| Written in Russian | чёрствый |
| Read in Latin letters | chyorstvyy |
| Translation | stale |
| Part of speech | adjective |
| Level | A1 |
Why it looks that way
Khleb uzhe chyortstvyy — "the bread has gone stale". The yo is written and spoken.
A word with a story stays in memory longer than one learned as a “spelling — translation” pair: memory holds on to meaning, not to a string.
In a live sentence
A single word almost never appears alone in conversation. A sentence shows where it fits and what stands next to it.
- Хлеб уже чёрствыйKhleb uzhe chyorstvyyThe bread has gone stale
How not to forget this word
Reading a word and remembering it are different jobs. A day later, little survives of a single reading — and that is not bad memory, that is how memory works.
- This has been tested on foreign words too. The difference shows up most when you test yourself a few days later rather than straight away.checked many timesKim & Webb, 2022, Language Learning 72(2) · 48 experiments, 3,411 participants, 98 comparisons.
- Recalling beats re-reading. Covering the translation and trying to remember it does more than reading it ten more times.checked many timesAdesope, Trevisan & Sundararajan, 2017, Review of Educational Research 87(3) · 188 experiments, 272 comparisons. g = 0.61; against plain re-reading 0.51, against passive review 0.93.
- An answer you worked out yourself sticks better than one handed to you.checked many timesBertsch et al., 2007, Memory & Cognition 35(2) · 86 studies, 445 comparisons, d = 0.40.
Frequently asked
How do you say “stale” in Russian?
«чёрствый», read “chyorstvyy”. In a live sentence: “Хлеб уже чёрствый” — The bread has gone stale. Adjective, level A1; written with the characters ч, ё, р, с, т, в, ы, й.
How is “чёрствый” written in Latin letters?
chyorstvyy. This is a practical spelling — you need it to read aloud and be understood, not to meet an academic standard.
Why does this word look the way it does?
Khleb uzhe chyortstvyy — "the bread has gone stale". The yo is written and spoken. A word with a story stays in memory longer than a “spelling — translation” pair: memory holds on to meaning, not to a string.