чтобы
“чтобы” (chtoby) — so that, in order to in Russian. Conjunction, level A1, topic — basic words. The "to" of purpose said as its own word: vstan poranshe, chtoby ne opozdat, "get up earlier so as not to be late". In a live sentence: “Встань пораньше, чтобы не опоздать” — Get up earlier so as not to be late. Written with the characters ч, т, о, б, ы. One of 314 words in the set “basic words” in the Russian course.
In short
| Written in Russian | чтобы |
| Read in Latin letters | chtoby |
| Translation | so that, in order to |
| Part of speech | conjunction |
| Level | A1 |
Why it looks that way
The "to" of purpose said as its own word: vstan poranshe, chtoby ne opozdat, "get up earlier so as not to be late".
A word with a story stays in memory longer than one learned as a “spelling — translation” pair: memory holds on to meaning, not to a string.
In a live sentence
A single word almost never appears alone in conversation. A sentence shows where it fits and what stands next to it.
- Встань пораньше, чтобы не опоздатьVstan poranshe, chtoby ne opozdatGet up earlier so as not to be late
Nearby words: basic words
Yes, no, good, bad, very. The small change of a language — and no sentence assembles without it.
- даdayesThe shortest word of agreement there is. The negation of a verb is a different word, ne: ne ponimayu, "I do not understand".
- нетnetnoSays "no" and also "there is not": menya net vremeni is literally "of me there is no time". A verb, by contrast, is negated by ne, a word of its own.
- иiandKeeps a list together even in front of the last item: khleb i moloko. It never changes shape, whatever it joins.
- аaand (contrasting)Compares rather than opposes: ya rabotayu, a ty? — "I work, and you?". English folds it into "and" or "but"; the contrast here is softer than no.
- хорошоkhoroshogood, fineBoth the adverb "well" and the standard reply to how-are-you. Stress it on the end: kha-ra-SHO.
- плохоplokhobad, badlyThe twin of khorosho. Often about how someone feels rather than a verdict: mne ploho means "I feel bad".
- отличноotlichnogreatKhorosho with a margin, from otlichit, "to tell apart" — also the top school mark. The bright answer to how-are-you.
- наnaon, atA chameleon of a preposition: na ulitse, na pochte, na dve nedeli. English splits it into on, at and for; this one does all three.
- вvin, intoOne letter, two cases: v gorode says where, v gorod says where to. Place and direction ride on the case, not on two prepositions.
- ноnobutArgues rather than compares: khochu, no nelzya. The twin of a: a compares, no stands against; English folds both into "but".
Test yourself
Five questions from the same set — “basic words”. Recalling a spelling from meaning is harder than knowing a familiar word on sight, and therefore more useful.
- How do you say “so that, in order to” in Russian?
The "to" of purpose said as its own word: vstan poranshe, chtoby ne opozdat, "get up earlier so as not to be late".
- How do you say “great” in Russian?
Khorosho with a margin, from otlichit, "to tell apart" — also the top school mark. The bright answer to how-are-you.
- How do you say “and” in Russian?
Keeps a list together even in front of the last item: khleb i moloko. It never changes shape, whatever it joins.
- How do you say “but” in Russian?
Argues rather than compares: khochu, no nelzya. The twin of a: a compares, no stands against; English folds both into "but".
- How do you say “bad, badly” in Russian?
The twin of khorosho. Often about how someone feels rather than a verdict: mne ploho means "I feel bad".
How not to forget this word
Reading a word and remembering it are different jobs. A day later, little survives of a single reading — and that is not bad memory, that is how memory works.
- This has been tested on foreign words too. The difference shows up most when you test yourself a few days later rather than straight away.checked many timesKim & Webb, 2022, Language Learning 72(2) · 48 experiments, 3,411 participants, 98 comparisons.
- Recalling beats re-reading. Covering the translation and trying to remember it does more than reading it ten more times.checked many timesAdesope, Trevisan & Sundararajan, 2017, Review of Educational Research 87(3) · 188 experiments, 272 comparisons. g = 0.61; against plain re-reading 0.51, against passive review 0.93.
- An answer you worked out yourself sticks better than one handed to you.checked many timesBertsch et al., 2007, Memory & Cognition 35(2) · 86 studies, 445 comparisons, d = 0.40.
Frequently asked
How do you say “so that, in order to” in Russian?
«чтобы», read “chtoby”. In a live sentence: “Встань пораньше, чтобы не опоздать” — Get up earlier so as not to be late. Conjunction, level A1, from the set “basic words”; written with the characters ч, т, о, б, ы.
How is “чтобы” written in Latin letters?
chtoby. This is a practical spelling — you need it to read aloud and be understood, not to meet an academic standard.
Why does this word look the way it does?
The "to" of purpose said as its own word: vstan poranshe, chtoby ne opozdat, "get up earlier so as not to be late". A word with a story stays in memory longer than a “spelling — translation” pair: memory holds on to meaning, not to a string.